Vendor Prefixes

Vendor prefixes are a historical—but sometimes still necessary—solution for ensuring CSS compatibility across different browsers. These prefixes are added to CSS property names to enable experimental or non-standard features before they're fully adopted by the W3C or widely supported.

For example:

css

-webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); /* Chrome, Safari */
-moz-transform: rotate(45deg);    /* Firefox */
-ms-transform: rotate(45deg);     /* IE */
transform: rotate(45deg);         /* Standard */
Each prefix corresponds to a browser engine:

• -webkit- for Chrome, Safari (WebKit/Blink)

• -moz- for Firefox (Gecko)

• -ms- for Internet Explorer/Edge (Trident)

• -o- for older Opera versions (Presto)

Although many modern browsers have standardized their support for most CSS properties, vendor prefixes can still be relevant when using advanced features like animations, gradients, flexbox (in older browsers), or newer layout techniques.

To manage them easily, developers often use tools like Autoprefixer, which automatically adds necessary prefixes during the build process based on a project’s browser compatibility targets.

While their use is decreasing thanks to better standards adoption, vendor prefixes remain part of writing cross-browser CSS that "just works"—especially in legacy projects or when pushing the cutting edge of UI design.

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